Wrecks of Saint-Pierre harbor

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Saint-Pierre before the eruption of 1902.

The eruption of Mount Pelée on May 8, 1902 generated a pyroclastic flows, also known as nuées ardentes (Fr: burning clouds) cloud famous for having destroyed in a few minutes the town of Saint-Pierre, Martinique, at the time the administrative and economic capital of Martinique.

During this eruption, many boats were in the bay of Saint-Pierre. Like the city, they were destroyed in an instant. The majority caught fire and destroyed their bodies and property.[1][2][3][4][5]

The fishermen knew the locations of some of the wrecks. They sometimes blocked their nets and were areas rich in fish. With the advent of scuba diving in the 1970s, wreck hunters set out in search of sunken boats. Michel Météry is known to be the main inventor of most of these wrecks. Jacques Cousteau, Albert Falco and Dominique Serafini on the Calypso were also among those who searched for them.

These boats are now very attractive diving sites for divers who live or come to Martinique. All local diving clubs organize many trips to these sites. The Roraima, by its size and the quality of conservation, is the most emblematic of these wrecks. The Tamaya is the most mysterious because it is too deep for air diving. The Grappler with his "treasure" is still sought after.

To preserve these cultural and heritage assets of Martinique, in 2012 the city of Saint-Pierre and the French state took the decision to protect the wrecks resting in the harbor of Saint-Pierre.[6]

The Frank-A.-Perret Museum of the City of Saint-Pierre recently launched a podcast in French dedicated to the wrecks located in the harbor Saint-Pierre. This podcast highlights various speakers, presented in alphabetical order: Mathurin Cadenet, originally from Saint-Pierre (nicknamed "Pierrotin"); Daniel Eustache, also Pierrotin and fisherman; Jean-Sébastien France, diver and president of the Association for Research and Valorization of the Archaeological Heritage of Martinique (ARVPAM); and Michel Météry, diver and discoverer of the wrecks in the harbor of Saint-Pierre.

Archaeological research[edit]

The harbor of Saint-Pierre is now recognized for its significant archaeological value. Due to its historic status as the capital of Martinique and the large number of boats that it permanently welcomed, the harbor preserves precious traces of the past under its waters.

The University of the West Indies has organized several excavation campaigns in collaboration with the Naval Archeology Research Group (GRAN)[7] and the Laboratory of Medieval and Modern Archeology in the Mediterranean (LA3M).[8] The Department of Underwater and Underwater Archaeological Research (DRASSM)[9] of the Ministry of Culture also carried out research to carry out prospecting, inventory and geophysical studies of the site.

During its various campaigns, the GRAN established a detailed list of fragments[10] and wrecks[11] in the bay of Saint-Pierre as well as throughout Martinique. In 2023, the European Union launched the ecoRoute program in Martinique, focused on "The northern route around the wrecks of Saint-Pierre". This program is supported by the Archaeological Association Small Antilles Archeology (AAPA).[12]

Amélie / Raisinier[edit]

A 48-metre (157 ft) long steel sailboat suffered a leak in its hull while it was at anchor in the harbor of Saint-Pierre. The crew battled the damage for two days, before the boat was towed to Turin Cove, where it finally sank. During its research, GRAN[7] discovered various fragments, including the remains of an iron sailboat, badly damaged by the sea, near Raisinier beach.[13][14]

The wreck lies at a depth of 12 m (39 ft).

Biscaye (ex Gabrielle)[edit]

The three-masted schooner-rigged sailing ship, built of wood with a hull lined with copper plates, was built in Bilbao in 1878. It measured 32 m (105 ft 0 in) long by 7 m (23 ft 0 in) wide.

Armed by the Vidart et Legasse house of Bayonne, this sailing ship ensured, under the command of Captain Jules Trévty[15] with eight crew members, the connection between Martinique and Saint Pierre and Miquelon for the transport of cod. Departing from Bordeaux on February 17, 1902, it reached Saint Pierre and Miquelon before arriving in Saint-Pierre, Martinique on May 6, with a cargo of 700 barrels of cod. On May 8, 1902, he was at anchor in the bay of Saint-Pierre, less than 200 m (660 ft) from the shore, facing Place Bertin. Archaeological excavations of the wreck revealed the presence of cod barrels.

Due to its construction, it probably caught fire quickly, unless the small tidal wave following the fiery cloud caused it to capsize and sink.

The wreck was rediscovered in the 1970s and was initially misidentified as that of the Gabrielle. The wreck measured 32 m long, while the Gabrielle measured only 23 m (75 ft 6 in). Although the Gabrielle was at anchor on May 8, she was not found. The wreck which was the subject of the 1994 dedicated research by GRAN.[16] During their underwater diving, the following report was made.[17]

The wreck of a ship, characterized by a copper-lined hull, is located practically in the axis of the Saint-Pierre pontoon. Oriented east-west, with the front facing east, it rests on a slope: the front is 29 m (95 ft) deep and the rear is 39 m (128 ft) deep. The hull is approximately 40 m (130 ft) long. The ship is lying on its port side, clearly revealing on starboard the rhythm of the membranes and the remains of the planking with the lining.

The metal rudder,[18] relatively well preserved, emerges one m (3 ft 3 in) from the sand. It has a thickness of 24 centimetres (9.4 in) at the top and a retained width of 60 cm (24 in). The notch intended to receive the upper hinge measures 17 cm (6.7 in) high and is located 8 cm (3.1 in) below the preserved top of the rudder. The lining measures 7 cm (2.8 in) thick, the membranes 17 cm thick and 30 cm (12 in) wide, and the planking 10 cm (3.9 in) wide.

An anchor approximately 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long lies to the northeast of the front of the wreck, approximately 20 m (66 ft) away, oriented east–west. It is likely that it belongs to the wreck.

Michel Météry had initially named this wreck Gabrielle, because of its position seeming to correspond to that of the Gabrielle anchorage according to Lacroix's book. However, Bureau Veritas records indicate that the Gabrielle, which sank at Saint-Pierre from the Knight armament, measured 23 m long, while this wreck measures 31.[citation needed]

Three elements lead to the identification of this wreck as that of the ship Biscay:

  • The length of the ship.
  • The type of doubling.
  • The cargo of fish.

The data is summarized below:

  • Length preserved between 29.10 and 31.20 meters.
  • Lining and doweling in yellow copper alloy.
  • During the 1994 survey, a cargo of barrels containing skeletons of gadids (fish of the cod family) was discovered in the bottom of the ship.

Among the ships sunk at Saint-Pierre, only the Biscay has a length corresponding to these measurements.[citation needed]

Clémentina[edit]

The wreck is a hull bottom approximately 20 meters long, belonging to a locally built coaster.[19] This wreck was the victim of several lootings or attempted lootings, which led the Directorate of Antiquities to file several complaints with the gendarmerie. Some objects were saved thanks to these interventions. Not listed on Hydrographic Service documents, it is nevertheless well known to local divers.

Characteristics of the wreck

  • Hull: Wooden, lined with copper.
  • Position: The hull rests on the keel, on a slope covered with mud. The rear of the boat rests at a depth of 50 meters (49 meters on the mud at the foot of the rudder) and the front is 40 meters away, giving the boat's axis an angle of 30° to the horizontal (slope of 56%). This axis is oriented at 116°.
  • Dimensions: Total length of the hull without the rudder: 20.6 meters. Retained width: 6.80 meters.

Saffron details

  • Material: Metallic, still in place and very visible, protrudes 90 cm from the vase.
  • Dimensions: Width of 75 cm at the top, 87 cm at the level of the vase. Thickness of 17 cm.
  • Fixing: The upper rudder fixing hinge is still movable on its axis and still carries its fixing rivets with a diameter of 2 cm. The wooden parts have disappeared, leaving only the metal frames.
  • Rudder: The preserved part of the rudder, stern post (31 cm) and counter post (21 cm), does not show any trace of a propeller cage, indicating that it was a sailboat.

Structure and materials

  • Background: The shape is preserved by the copper plates of the doubling, forming a hollow mold of the hull. On the two front levels, the wood remains visible.
  • Sampling of the frames: Bordered 6 to 7 cm thick, membrane 18 x 18 cm, lining approximately 6 cm thick.
  • Dubbing plates: The front plates are twisted, probably as a result of an impact. The vessel's modest size suggests a barge or coaster.

Analysis and discoveries

  • Wood species: Analyzes revealed the use of three different species: spruce for the lining, pine for the frames, birch for the planking. However, it was not possible to determine the exact species or origin of the wood, which may come from Europe or America.
  • Objects recovered: A port lantern cleared by a clandestine survey was saved and placed in storage at the Directorate of Antiquities.

The wreck of 'Clementina' remains a subject of significant archaeological interest, providing valuable information on local shipbuilding and maritime practices of the time.

The wreck lies 20 meters deep.

Dalhia / YMS 82[edit]

Le Dalhia[1] / Y.M.S. 82, a BYMS-class minesweeper, was laid down on 24 October 1941 at the Stadium Yacht Basin in Cleveland and launched on 13 June 1942. Transferred to the French Navy on 5 October 1944,[20] she was renamed Dahlia[21] and received the number D.325, in accordance with the tradition of the Y.M.S. all of which were named after flowers. On March 21, 1949, the French navy definitively acquired the Dahlia from the U.S. Navy, and the ship continued its career as a minesweeper.

After World War II, French coasts were littered with mines, and minesweepers like the Dahlia were extensively engaged in mine clearance operations. In April 1950, the Dahlia, accompanied by the ships Genet, Pétunia and Zinia, participated in the clearance of the port of La Pallice and the dredging of fishing areas used by La Rochelle trawlers. Subsequently, the Dahlia was sent to the Antilles for stationary service, where she represented France, defended its interests and provided aid to the local population in the event of natural disasters.

On January 29, 1959, the Dahlia was decommissioned and sold to Établissements Gouyer, a construction materials company in Saint-Pierre. The ship was then used for cabotage between the islands of the West Indies, mainly for the transport of materials. While it was in the harbor of Saint-Pierre (Martinique) to be transformed, workers accidentally set fire to the wooden hull by clumsily using a blowtorch. In its inventory, the Naval Archeology Research Group (GRAN) references the boat with the fragments FR/M/1/A/019.[22]

Diamant[edit]

The Diamant was a steamboat 26 meters long and with a tonnage of 30t. It was used to transport passengers between Fort-de-France and Saint-Pierre in Martinique. On May 8, 1902, the Diamant arrived from Fort-de-France with eight crew members and around thirty passengers on board. While lining up to dock at the Saint-Pierre pontoon, the boat was reducing steam when an eruption of Mount Pelée occurred.

Faced with imminent danger, the commander ordered them to turn back to try to escape the explosion. The inhabitants of Saint-Pierre rushed into the sea to board the Diamant. The ship's boilers, pushed to their limit, exploded under the effort, and the boat immediately sank. Of the forty castaways, only the cabin boy Innocent Jean Baptiste survived. His story was reported by Césaire Philémon.[23]

The boat was going backwards when it sank with him "without him having seen anything", nor without him being aware of how "he had found himself in the water". He had the presence of mind to “dive several times to avoid being burned in the falling hot ashes.” But he felt that his strength was abandoning him and was nevertheless able to “head towards the coast and suddenly found himself dry”. After which, he was thrown back into the sea and remained on a wreck until his deliverance by the “Suchet”. He remembered that the water was warm when he fell into the sea, but as the "Diamond" machine had just blown up, we cannot reasonably infer from the rise in temperature of this water that it was the work of the fiery cloud.

The wreck of the Diamant now lies 30 meters deep. In scuba diving, wooden superstructures, all that remains are the frames which are visible.[24]

Barge du Diamant[edit]

Towed by the Diamant, this barge without an engine rests at a depth of 30 meters.[25]

Fause Thérésa[edit]

Wooden ship wreck oriented perpendicular to shore appears not to carry significant cargo.[26]

Grappler[edit]

This English steamboat was insured for U$531,000.[27] It was one of two ships specialized in repairing the submarine cables which maintained the Guadeloupe - Martinique telegraph line. This ship, being the closest to the coast, would have been overturned before sinking. Its wreckage has never been located. It is known that he carried copper cables, but it is also said that he was loaded with all the gold of the city and the rich planters who were preparing to flee. The Grappler's treasure continues to fuel the imagination.[28][29]

Nord-America[edit]

Sailboat barque Three-masted of 558 tons, built in Buccari in 1881. It flew the Italian flag with its home port of Castellamare di Stabia (Campania, Italy). Loading for Bordeaux, captain CILENTO, crew of 13.[30][31]

Roraima[edit]

Combination steamship, 2,712 gross tons, built in 1883 at the Aitken & Mansel shipyard, in the Whiteinch district of Glasgow, on the River Clyde. It was launched on June 5, 1883. The ship, built of iron, measured 103.63 meters long, 11.64 meters wide and had a draft of six meters. It was powered by two-cylinder low-pressure steam engines from John & James Thomson and Company of Glasgow, which could produce up to 350 horsepower.[32]

The Roraima and its cargo of potassium continued to burn for 3 days before sinking. Of the 68 people on board, only eleven, most of them seriously injured, survived after being transshipped by the French ship Suchet. Clara King, the black nanny of Brooklyn's wealthy Stokes family, survived with eight-year-old Marguerite Hamilton Stokes ("Rita"). Rita's mother, Mary, as well as her brothers and sisters Eric (4 years old) and Olga (3 years old) were killed. The remaining survivors were members of the crew. They were taken from Saint-Kitts to New York by the Korona.

The wreck lies between 40 and 60 meters deep.[33]

Roraima (boat) [fr; de]

Tamaya[edit]

Sailboat three square masts of 566 gross tons, 162 feet long. Built in iron in 1862 at the Liverpool shipyards. It was registered long-term under number 356. Armement Rozier de Nantes. Left Nantes on February 18, 1902 for Martinique. Removed from the Merchant Navy on July 21, 1902.[34]

Dived for the first time in 1983 by Dominique Serafini,[35] the wreck was identified the same year by the magnetometer of the D'Entrecasteaux oceanographic building.[36][37]

Michel Météry is one of the official inventors. The Tamaya is one of the rare wrecks in the harbor to be identified since a bell, bearing the inscription "Tamaya 1862", was brought up in 1984. This bell was given to the Franck-A.-Perret Archaeological museum of the City of Saint-Pierre, Martinique.

Crew:

  • Théophile Mahéo, born August 30, 1860 in Île-aux-Moines, Commander.
  • Charles Le Cerf, second captain.
  • Joseph Subject, boatswain.
  • Gabriel Le Ian, cook.
  • Jean Goubeyre, Michel Gallard, Yacinthe Lab, Pierre Rouxel, J.-Marie Peyraud, Alexis Auvray, Frédéric Mallert, Pierre Gallapel, Raymond Crequier (mousse)

The wreck lies at a depth of 85 meters. Scuba diving is prohibited.

Theresa Lo Vigo[edit]

Wooden sailboat with a copper-lined hull, resting in the mud at a depth of between 30 and 40 meters. It was transporting tiles and various construction materials intended for the town of Saint-Pierre, Martinique. Despite its advanced state of disrepair, the wreck is still complete with its cargo, mainly composed of construction materials and a significant quantity of pottery, some of which shows signs of deformation by heat.

The wreck is located almost parallel to the coast. It was the subject of an archaeological survey in April and May 1992,[38] which enriched knowledge of its structure and cargo. Analyzes of the wood revealed the presence of different species:

  • Deciduous oak (Quercus sp.): used for keel, frames and lining.
  • Spruce or larch (Picea sp. or Larix sp.): used for a plank supported along the keel.
  • Spruce (Picea sp.): used for a lining repair board.

The wreck is a popular diving site for its submerged “treasure” (coiled ropes, bottles of wine, barrels of rum.), which offers a poignant testimony to maritime history and the natural disaster that struck the region. The relative depth of the wreck, around 40 meters, makes it an accessible dive for experienced divers.

Yacht italien[edit]

Wooden boat broken into three fragments. Only part of the starboard side of the bow has been preserved over a length of approximately 10 meters. The planking measures 10 cm thick, the frames measure 23 x 22 cm, and the lining measures 10 cm thick. At the front of the wreck is a small winch, next to a large mass of concretion over 2 meters high.[39][40]

The wreck lies on a slope with a 20% inclination, with its front facing up the slope. The axis of the bow is approximately oriented at 10°. Copper lining plates are visible on the starboard side. Analyzes of the wood samples (planking, ribs, lining) revealed that they are made of oak, although the quality of conservation did not make it possible to specify their origin. The strong section of the structural parts suggests that it was a commercial sailboat. In the seventies when Michel Météry wrote his book,[1] the wreck was in much better condition, and there is no longer any trace today of the base of the masts that he precisely described.

Nearby is a large metal crate.

The wreck lies at depths varying between 20 and 40 meters. Although the site is in an advanced state of degradation, it still offers valuable information on wooden shipbuilding and maritime trade of the time.

Notes and references[edit]

External links[edit]

  • Hess, Jean (1902). La Catastrophe de la Martinique — Notes D'unreporter (in French). Librairie Charpentier et Fasquelle.
  • "Groupe de Recherche en Archéologie Naval - Reseach campagne".
  • "Groupe de Recherche en Archéologie Naval : Site list".
  • Serra, Laurence; Billaud, Yves (September 2019). "Au large de Saint-Pierre – Le dépotoir portuaire de la rade". AdlFI. Archéologie de la France - Informations. Une Revue Gallia.
  • The Frank-A.-Perret Museum of the City of Saint-Pierre recently launched a podcast in French dedicated to the wrecks located in the harbor Saint-Pierre. This podcast highlights various speakers, presented in alphabetical order: Mathurin Cadenet, originally from Saint-Pierre (nicknamed "Pierrotin"); Daniel Eustache, also Pierrotin and fisherman; Jean-Sébastien France, diver and president of the Association for Research and Valorization of the Archaeological Heritage of Martinique (ARVPAM); and Michel Météry, diver and discoverer of the wrecks in the harbor of Saint-Pierre.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Météry, Michel (2002). Tamaya: les épaves de Saint-Pierre (in French). Paris. ISBN 978-2-903581-30-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ Météry, Michel (2002). Tamaya: les épaves de Saint-Pierre. Paris: Inst. Océanographique. ISBN 9782268071831.
  3. ^ Denhez, Frédéric (1997). Les épaves du volcan : Saint-Pierre de la Martinique. GLENAT. ISBN 9782723424622.
  4. ^ SERAFINI, Dominique (2015). Saint-Pierre l'Escale Infernale: TragédieMaritime - Éruption du Mont Pelé - Martinique 1902. S.QuemereImbert.
  5. ^ Ramadier, Sylvie (May 2005). "Le 8 mai 1902 saint pierre est enseveli sous la lave".
  6. ^ "Zones de protections des épaves historiques de Saint-Pierre" (administrative document). 19 May 2022.
  7. ^ a b "GRAN".
  8. ^ "la3m".
  9. ^ "DRASSM".
  10. ^ "GRAM : Site List".
  11. ^ "GRAM : shipwreck list".
  12. ^ "AAPA - eco route project".
  13. ^ "divingaway".
  14. ^ "GRAN inventory ID : FR/M/3/A/027".
  15. ^ "1902 dans le quotidien bordelais La Gironde" (doc). Généalogie et Histoire de la Caraïbe : Bulletin 162. September 2003.
  16. ^ Guillaume, Marc (1994). "Saint-Pierre - Sondages sous-marins". Archéologie de la France – Informations (AdlFI).
  17. ^ "GRAN inventory ID : FR/M/1/A/015".
  18. ^ "GRAN inventory ID : FR/M/3/A/016"".
  19. ^ "GRAN inventory ID : FR/M/1/A/006"".
  20. ^ VICHOT J. Répertoire, dossier musée de la Marine. pp. 41–46.
  21. ^ "wreck database".
  22. ^ "GRAN inventory ID :  : FR/M/1/A/019".
  23. ^ PHILÉMON - OFFICIER D'ACADEMIE, CÉSAIRE. LA MONTAGNE PELÉE et l'effroyable destruction de Saint Pierre (Martinique) le 8 Mai 1902 (in French). IMPRESSIONS PRINTORY. p. 68.
  24. ^ "GRAN Reference : Diamant".
  25. ^ "GRAN : Barge Diamant".
  26. ^ "GRAN inventory ID : FR/M/1/A/029".
  27. ^ "Gran: Liste naufrage : Grappler".
  28. ^ Garesché, William A (1902). Complete story of the Martinique and St. Vincent horrors / by William A. Garesché ; special article by Monsieur Vincent De Messimy. Chicago: Chicago and Philadelphia, Illinois: Monarch Book Company.
  29. ^ "« Figaro nautisme - Martinique : plongée sur les épaves de Saint-Pierre », magazine, 23 juillet 2023".
  30. ^ "1902 dans le quotidien bordelais La Gironde". Généalogie et Histoire de la Caraïbe : Bulletin 162. September 2003. p. 3938.
  31. ^ "GRAN : nord_america".
  32. ^ "GRIEME : roraima".
  33. ^ "GRAN : Liste naufrage : roraima".
  34. ^ "Association de Recherches et de Valorisation du PatrimoineArchéologique sous-marin de la Martinique (ARVPAM)".
  35. ^ Dominique SERAFINI. "Les épaves caraibes".
  36. ^ "Site net marine : Entrecasteaux".
  37. ^ "Site poste navale militaire : entrecasteaux [".
  38. ^ "GRAN inventory ID : FR/M/1/A/013".
  39. ^ "GRAN inventory ID : FR/M/1/A/003".
  40. ^ "GRAN inventory ID : FR/M/1/A/004".
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